زندگی ‏کیا ‏ہے؟ ‏? What is life

 زندگی! لکھنے اور بولنے میں ایک چھوٹا سا لفظ ہے، مگر اس لفظ سے جڑے احساسات، تکالیف اور اہمیت اسے دنیا کی سب سے قیمتی شے بنا دیتے ہیں، کہ لالچ میں مشغول انسان، جس کے لیے پیسہ سب کچھ ہوتا ہے وہ اس  زندگی کو بچانے کی خاطر اسے بھی قربان کر دیتا ہے. مگر یہ زندگی میں ایسا کیا ہے جو اسے اتنا قیمتی بنا دیتا ہے؟ کیوں انسان اس کو گزارنے کی خاطر ہر راہ  ہر دیوار پھلانک دیتا ہے؟ کیوں اس کے نازونخرے اٹھانے کے لیے ٹیکنالوجی کے انبار لگا دیے؟ بہت سارے سوالات کا ایک مختصر جواب یہ ہے کہ: زندگی خالصتاً بنائی یا ڈیزائن ہی اس مطابق کی گئی ہے تاکہ انسان کی عقل کا امتحان لیا جائے، بلکل ویسے ہی جیسے سائنسدان ریبورٹ بنا کر  اس میں کوڈینگ کرتے ہیں اور پھر اس کی ٹیسٹنگ کرتے ہیں کہ یہ کتنا میعاری ہے. بلکل ایسے ہی اللہ سبحان و تعالٰی نے انسان کو  بنا کر اور زندگی دے کر آزمائش میں اس طرح ڈال دیا کہ، coding بھی کر دی، قانون بھی بتا دیے اور ساتھ ہی ساتھ طاقت اور عقل جیسی نعمتیں اور آزمائشیں بھی دے دی تاکہ دیکھ سکے اسی کا بنایا ہوا انسان کیا کرتا ہے. پھر وہی روح اور سانسوں کا محتاج انسان یا تو  فرعون بن جاتا یے یا تو موسيٰ علیہ السلام. ایک اپنے آپ میں جہنم اور ایک جنت۔ اسی طرح زندگی اپنے ساتھ جنت اور جہنم لے کے پیدا ہوتی ہے،یعنی خوشی اور غم. کسی کو غموں کے انبار کے بعد تازہ ہوا کا جھونکا نصیب ہوتا کے تو کسی کو خوشیوں کی بھری ہوئی جھولی کے بعد آگ کے انبارے سہنے پڑھتے ہیں. ایک مومن کی زندگی آزمائشوں کی گٹھڑی کی طرح ہوتی ہے جس کے کھولتے ہی سب بکھر جاتا ہے، مگر وہ پھر سے سمٹ کر ایک سمت میں آجاتی ہے،مگر ایک کافر کی زندگی پھول جیسی ہوتی ہے،  جس کی تروتازگی اور خوبصورتی کے سب دیوانے ہوتے ہیں مگر جب وہ مرجھا جائے  تو  نہ تو اسے کوئی ویسی فوقیت دیتا یے اور نہ ہی  وہ دوبارہ اپنی خوبصورت شکل اختیار  کر سکتا. کیونکہ دنیا مومن کے لیے ایک آزمائش ہے اور کافر کے لیے جنت. علامہ محمد اقبال کا ایک شعر اس کی عکاسی بہت گہرے الفاظ میں کرتا ہے:

رحمتیں ہیں تیری آغیار کے کاشانوں پر 

برق گرتی ہے تو بیچارے مسلمانوں پر

تو زندگی یہی ہے، ایک آزمائش جس میں کوئی دنیا میں اختیارت اور طاقت کے مزے لوٹے گا اور کوئی ازلی اور عدمی زندگی میں اپنی سلطنت کا بادشاہ ہو گا. 

Reasons Behind the delay in Constitution making process of Pakistan

 

Introduction:-

 Pakistan born on 14 August 1947, but unfortunately  from the beginning, Pakistan had been dealt on numerous issues and it took Pakistan for 26 years to have a unanimous constitution. The most important factors the country had been facing were, political issues, leadership vaccum, rule of dictators, weak democracy, and weak judiciary, these all factors have collectively kept Pakistan deprived of having constitution and the other biggest issue that Pakistan faced is fall of Dhaka. The fall of Dhaka initiated the war with in our own land. Thus each time the constitution was proposed and drafted. The tussle between East and west Pakistan of parity and provincial autonomy proved to be  a great hindrance in law making.

Political Issues:-

Since, the Pakistan came into being, it’s political system remained prone to weakness. Right after the death of Quaid, the country experienced the leadership vaccum in the politics of Pakistan. As we know, Quaid said in his every speech about Pakistan being federal state. But still, till 30 years, nobody was sure whether it should be the presidential state or federal one. Whenever any political party came into power (Millitary, civil),they had  changed constitution according to their personal interest. Hence, the constitution always presented to be as a “puppet”.

Example:-

The constitution of 1956, is the best example of it, when Ayub khan dismissed the constitution of 1956 and dissolved assemblies for the personal gain. This step challenged the credibility and sovereignty of constitution. It emphasis how, the interest of rulers always prioritised and constitution remained at back foot.

Leadership Vaccum and Coup d’e’tat:-

Ayub khan, who itself came in power illegally, he dismissed constitution but still, he assumed that, country is in danger by democratic government, as the civilian leaders have been accused with different allegation charges. Even he  included, Fatima Jinnah as a threat to the country. He had considered the civilian leaders as a traitors, corrupts, and killer. For Fatima Jinnah he said:

“She is an old lady, with no knowledge of  local language and politics of Pakistan”

In response, Fatima Jinnah answered him in her election compaign:

“I know the politics of Pakistan, And I am aware of the issues of their people, and I can also also feel their pain. You are an army servant, you can  never know the politics of Pakistan”

These blame shifting and tactics was the prevailing political issue that has contributed the major issue of causing delay in Constitution making process. And insisted the Pakistan to run the ‘so-called’ constitution of a dictator with the lable of ‘Basic democracy’, that had portrayed  the utopian-law. 

Election of 1965 and  Events:-

Criticism by  the opponent party is the beauty of democracy, but it should be out of personal attack. These critics  helps the government to abolish the weaknesses. The opponent’s criticism naturally supportsthe favourable decisions to be taken in favour of nation and country. Like: Recently, state passed  the bill of “Tahafuz-e-Bunyad-e-Islam” that was distressing the rights of minorities, and it had been passed in Pubjsb assembly. But, after a month, when human rights activists and opposition criticised it heavily, the government returned that bill and present that bill to pubjab government to look it again with the help of governor of punjab Servar Khan. As, we can see the constitution safe-guard the rights of citizens and it helps the government to stay in limits. 

 Now, there was a pressure for elections and people were demanding democracy.  Ayub khan also wanted to participate in elections but, he  didn’t realise, the constitution is necessary for the next elections, because in the absence of constitution no state can conduct their election process. Then, Ayub khan realised the fact, and took the help of his minister and made a constitution for election purpose.Hence, 1962 constitution came into being but Ayub khan forgot that, According to this constitution, He can not participate in 1956’s elections. Because, constitution had clearly showed, A person who is serving a nation as a government job, can not participate in elections. At that time, Ayub khan was a chief of army and he couldn’t not avail the chance of participation. And he didn’t realize it until opposition made critiques. 

When he saw this situation, he delayed the election for being eligible. As, his retirement was on a head and till that time, he delayed the election for his own eligibility. He then, participated and won elections but, people have started questioning about his credibility and that lead towards his decline especially the protest made in NWFP (KPK). In that protest hundred of people died and he got dismissed from parliament and another dictator Yahya khan came into force. And another  story of Pakistan’s wreck started with more pain and incidents, that Kept Pakistan without any strong constitution and democracy. 

1971 Era:-

Elections:-

The new elections took place in the era of 1971. The Awami National Party (ANP) won all the seats from East Pakistan and from west Pakistan People’s Party (PPP) became victorious. From here the issue begin that lead the tragic incident of “Fall of Dhaka”. 

The east Pakistan constitutes 54% population, while west Pakistan constitutes of 46% population of total. Democratically, the consensus were showing the favour of Sheikh Mujeeb-ur-Rehman to form a government but Bhutto was not in the favour to provide the rule to Sheikh Mujeeb, as he had secured the majority of seats in West Pakistan. It initiated the tug-of-war between two leading parties. None of them compromised in term of power. Then, Yahya khan gave decision in the favour of Pakistan people’s party. This upvoked the act of discrimination and there were many other reasons too but it short-termed and most powerful reason of East Pakistan’s  separation Hence, on 16 December 1971,east Pakistan got separated and emerged as an independent state on map with named Bangladesh. Another terrific incident and a piles of issues, that couldn’t let the Pakistan to get stable and focus on constitution formation. But this separation has revived the democracy in Pakistan and gave Pakistan with unanimous constitution. 

The Constitution of 1973

During the political compaign, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto promised his nation, that he will provide a full-fledged constitution with in one year of his tenure. And yes, he fulfilled his promise and finally, with in 6 months, he gave to Pakistan his First complete and unanimous constitution, ‘The constitution of 1973’. This constitution initiated the journey of true democracy in Pakistan. The constitution have few short terms but with different ammendments, they’re getting minimise. And till now, 18 amendment has been made in Constitution. The last amendment the ‘18th amendment’ has made the Pakistan a true federation state. 

Impact of covid-19 on culture

The cultural transformation is one of the most interesting part, that has been observed right after the start of corona pandemic. For the Muslims in Western countries, where taking veil, and wearing scarf was a crime, the corona pandemic has threw the light of hope and happiness for them because, Islamic culture has got more implementation and appreciation through out the world. This virus has altered the soar eyes and thinking of non-Muslims towards covering body, that could be determine through Trump's (The US president) press conference statement in which he said: 

 "You don't need to wear mask, take hijab it's a good practice to save yourself from  virus"

Finally, the people around the globe have started quoting tye benefits of hijab. The most amazing thing is, even fashion industry has started a new trend of adding masks with beautiful motives and colours for the protection from corona. It clearly shows, the Islamic dress-code is getting boom and appraisal, even before it had been banned in those countries.
The practice of abolition is an other culture shift. As, it was only practiced in Muslims societies but, now after pandemic, when people realised, In order to keep ourself safe from virus, cleanliness is important. And our prophet (SAW) already said in his hadees

" cleanliness is half of faith". 

 Another revolution that has been seen is social distancing or for the more relevant word is 'physical distancing'. In west the practice of illegal physical relationship was so common. People had no barriers, they perform immoral physical activities, whenever they want to with everyone they like. But right after the pandemic, this practice has got an extreme range of refrain. People are trying to maintain physical barriers, in order to keep theirselves save and this is a dramaticall and amazing culture shift. 

What is Fascism and Nazism?

Derivation of the word Fascism 

Fascism derive from a latin word 'fascio' that refers to "Bundle of sticks".

In ancient Roman, the civil magistrate carry the bundle of sticks along with his soldiers and move in the streets and markets to make sure the law and order conditions and if someone seems to be the broker of law, they used to beat that person with sticks and they also had the authority to give capital punishment.

Emergence of Fascism

• The Fascism emerged during 20th century and it was the populous movement lead in Europe  by radical authoritarian and nationalists. These radical authoritarian had an immense power that they had controlled Industries, commerce and market as a whole. 
• The Fascist were inspired by Frédéric Nietzche (The German Philosopher) Who have had said 

"Because of Christianity, a Labour mentality has emerged in Europe" 

He thought, the Christianity is the religion of Labours and it was true because the traitors against Rome emerged by labourers and Christianity got popular among Europeans. 

He said, as now because of technology and development the role of religion has been diminished from Europe and now, we have to opt the new mentality, according to which we could sustain our lives. One of the quote of Frédéric Nietzche got very famous that has further proceeded to anti-consertivism that is:

"God is dead"

• Here, that quote refers to the removal of God from our lives. That we have removed 'religion' from our lives. That was the philosophical concept or addition of that time Europe, when the involvement of religion had been totally removed from. political affairs. He then suggested the 'superman mentality'  that was referred to 'will power'. According to which:
• The thing that make personality powerful is good, and if something makes you and your personality weak is bad. 
• Now the early groups those had been reading to Frédéric were very anti-Conservative and they think themselves radical and they opposed their culture and tradition being so much involved in his philosophy.

Crisis in Europe:-

• In Europe, due to World War 1,an immense crisis emerged especially in Central europe including Germany and Italy, and the government's of these countries couldn't deal with that crisis, neither in economic term nor societal.
• The challanges that emerged in Europe was the movements lead by labourers and socialists. And they were emerge very swiftly like, Russian revolution in 1913 and also so Soviet Union were converting and forming socialism in even those areas, that were not under the Russian territory and the socialism was quickly spreading towards central Europe (Germany and Italy)

Fascism-Benito Mussolini

• The situation in Italy was very unique at that time. The leader of labours at that time in Italy named Doniogramtchie, had made analysis, that how Fascism emerged in Italy.
• The Fasicm was firstly emerged in Italy abd the main thinker of it was Benito Mussolin. He ran a Black shirt movement in Italy. In that movement, he made his supporters to wear black shirts 
• The interesting thing is, Mussolini was a member of socialist party of Italy, but he left that party on the reason that, they didn't support the ruling party in World war 1 but instead they opposed it,and then he started saying:

"We will make Italy great" 

And then, their black movement officially started and they wore black shirts and started saying, communism and socialism are our ultimate enemies and we will eradicate it.

Right Hands VS Left Hands

At that time, the unions were very strong in south Italy, and they had took over the whole areas. The black shirts started breaking them by force and started taking over those areas. Right after this breakage, the feudal lords started calling them as a good people, as they were breaking the left-hand people, abd these ellites feudal lords and industrialist started funding them with heavy sum of money.

So, basically this movement was the battle or crack down between left hands and right hands. 

Fascism to Nazism in Germany:-

• The Mussolini when came into power in Italy, that mindset got influenced in Germany too and started spreading there. 
• The Germany had been passing through same issue of Crisis after World war 1and at that time the Liberal Party was ruling in Germany named Yuma Republic. Against that party,  Adolf Hitler made his own party named National Socialist Germans worker party (NATZI) 

Now the question is, why they call themselves nationalists and socialists? 

• The reason is, they had lead the same movement like in Italy with the slight difference of brown and black. They were leading the brown shirts movement in Germany and by wearing them, they entered into labourers unions and broke them and they were similarly backed by feudal lords as Mussolini and his supporters were. 
• The Adolf Hitler didn't won election but he secured seat in Parliament with 1/3 of votes and later due to emerging crises, the ruling party Yma Republic's chancellor resigned and that shifted the power to Hitler. 
• At that time, an attack took place in Parliament and everything burned off. The Hitler took advantage of it and started blaming to German Congress party. He suspended parliament and banned Congress party and crushed opposition. 
• Hitler then, removed public Private distinction and said now, we will completely mobilise for war. He took over the industry and made planned economy in favour of industrialist and he said:

"Now it's time to spread in whole Europe and we will maje our rule there". 

Initially, Hitler has got a very swift success, even the Royalty in Austo-Hungry said:

"We are also fascist and we are with you"

• The feudal lords and industrialist immediately started supporting Hitler and this is how Fascist movement spread in Europe. 
• Initially, Liberals were using the appeasing approach towards Fasicm and they really didn't wanted ti fight against them, because of that, fascist became more powerful and strong. 

Start of World War 2:-

Finally, Hitler started sending troops in different areas. He started capturing different states from,cekoslovakia then he went for Poland, France, Italy, Britan and finally Russia where he badly got beaten due to the strong allies of Russia and hus tough geography. 

End of Fascism:-

The Italy and Germany had finally made agreement against Fascism by labelling it as a very chronic and bad stuff and finally they ended Fasicm collectively. And they said, they will never lead any fascist being rule in country. Now, the Fascist word use to abuse the government having radical policies. 

UAE normalisation of relationship with Isreal. IS this relationship will help Palestinians?

 The most hot topic now a days, that we have been going through is:

The normalisation of UAE's relationship with Isreal.

Isreal is the country to whom, most of the Islamic states don't even accept because his annexation on Palestinian's land and the most important the "Religious sentiments". The Al'-Aqsa mosque situated in Jerusalem was the Muslim's Qibla-e-Awal (Means the first direction towards which Muslims used to perform their prayers and rituals) that got changed after building holy kabah. The Israelis that are Jews in religion are continously wrenching the hearts of Muslims and playing with their sentiments through tyrant behaviour and forceful capturing of their state. Most of the Muslim countries among which Pakistan is on top has no conculate relationship.

Before, 13 August 2020, UAE also haven't shared any sort of diplomatic relationship with Isreal. But on this Thursday, they've built ties with Isreal and made deal on different economic relationships. Including Trade, technology, visa, travel, culture and many more. The UAE says, we did this to normalise the relationship with Isreal to maintain peace in Middle East, especially Palestine and they says, it will help the Palestine especially the west coast from being annex. But according to Isreali Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu said:

The annexation would not be cancelled rather putting temporary hold

That means, the deal was not made for the favour of Palestinian's, rather to fulfil their own interest. Now, let's see how Isreal  build hold on UAE after being his major trade partner. According to views of analysts, it will lead to UAE at the stage, where he couldn't even survive without Isreal.

Diplomatic strategies of major powers

Diplomatic strategies of major powers.
How major powers are competing in the anarchic world to pursue and promote their interest? Who have been better off and how?

Major Powers:-

 “The powerful states, that could influence the world the way the want to". 

Major Power countries:-

The countries that comes infers the major power starus are:

1. United States of America

2. Russia

3. China

4. United Kingdom

5. Germany

6. France

What are diplomatic Strategies?

Diplomatic strategies are basically the type of making decision by one state to persue their interest for staying  more rational rather indulging in loss game. It is the major step in foreign policy that every country follows to maintain their relationship with other states to enhance their country’s position, and to make better decisions to promote country’s interest. The major powers follows this strategy to maintain their status quo to, rule the world and to keep their hegmony firm.

Diplomatic Strategies of America

America is the most powerful country in the world and has maintained the status of super power since world war 2 and the country always try to  be the hegemony in the world. For keeping their status alive, America always try to keep the bilateral relationship with other state. And this is something comes under the proud of being strongest country of the world as well. Because, whenever America find any country beneficial for him, he holds his hand and whenever his interest diminish, he pull of that hand eventually. America’s strategy moves between Trade and strategic relationship both. With poor countries, that keep the importance geographically to help US in being hegmony, America tilts toward him and after perusing the interest, he leaves out. This is what US is following in his strategies for pursuing interest.

Example:-

 The relationship of Pakistan and America is best example of his bilateral scheme. Whenever US feels the need of Pakistan, he offers everything and whenever his interest diminishes he doesn’t even bother to talk about him and start talking about “Do more” slogan.

Diplomatic Strategies of China:-

China is another most powerful country in the world after America or likely to be competing America in being the next hegmony of the world. Unlike US, China follow the strategy of Multilateral system and China has opted a totally alternative way from US. Because, China is not a country, who serves the plate of aid to country whenever he feels need of them, instead he believes in making trade relationship with them to maintain and then strengthen the relationship. China is country, who has the best and vast trade relationship even with his most strongest enemies, still this enimity doesn’t come under the trade relationship. This is how, China is progressing day by day because of their clever and peaceful strategies. Unlike US, China doesn’t adopt the aggressive foreign policy rather go for rational one.

Example :-

Recently, China has made a good relationship by mean of trade with Iran, Nepal and Bangladesh to tackle the India from all sides. Because of ladakh conflict that is the disputed area occupied by India. So, instead of providing aid to get a favour, china prefers trade relationship

Diplomatic Strategies of Russia:-

The former super-power and current weak economical but still one of the most powerful state Russia isthe most complicated state. The Russia has a kind of geography that is beneficial and headache both for him. The reason is, the Russia has occupied a largest territory in the world. It lies both in Asia and Europe and it shares border with 14 countries that makes him strong in term of millitary. The real tension of china is the NATO countries. The NATO countries shares border with him and it has few plain sides too that could lead the serious escalation in country. The other issue is “trade”. Russia lacks warm water resources, the reason Russia couldn’t make trade easily. Russia always make policies to keep the country on safer zone and to maintain his pressure on Europe and across the world too. He made annexation of crimea and now trying to chase whole Ukraine in order to strengthen the Russia by mean of trade and to get rid of NATO tension. So, basically Russia’s diplomatic strategy move around stretching his strategical position. This is hiw Russia maintain his status quo.

Diplomatic Strategies of EU Countries 

 The European countries including, United Kingdom, France, and Germany follows multi-lateral diplomacy. Because these all countries comes under the part of European Union (Except Britain) and they all are working together to achieve their interest. These countries offer free trade, borders, and vida system to European union members to strengthen their economy and this is how, they’re enjoying prosperous environment.

Who have been better off and how?

According to current scenario and strategies, China is going in a better form. As, China believes in resolving issues through dialogues rather getting in war situation. The other point is, China always offer trade to the countries, he feels helpful rather giving aid. This attitude creates a mutual relationship between the countries for a long time. China is not only enhancing his ally but also boosting his economy to the next level.

Example:-

US has put serious sanction on Iran. These sanction have destroyed the Iranian economy and no country dared to make a trade relationship with Iran when, US put restrictions. But, china took benefit of it. He has signed a trade agreement with Iran on oil. Now, China will get oil from Iran in a way less prices and also improve the infrastructure of Iran. This will target two enemies of China, one is India and other is America. This agreement will provide benefit to both china and Iran and China will end up with strong ally as well against India and America. 

Cyber crime and it's solution in Pakistan

What is cybercrime?

Whenever you put your head to know about this crime, you will get a traditional definition

𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒓𝒊𝒎𝒆 that commit through  𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒏𝒊𝒄 𝒅𝒆𝒗𝒊𝒄𝒆 or the crime which targets an 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒏𝒊𝒄 𝒅𝒆𝒗𝒊𝒄𝒆 to exploit the  data a user.

 coming to important points, actually we should know, which steps could lead a person towards cyber crime, how can we avoid and the most important thing, how can we deal when we become a victim of this crime. I am basically emphasising on 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 rather explanation of cyber crime, because many of us know about the basics of crime but they lacking information about how to deal with it. 

1- If someone is exploiting the privacy of person by any electronic mean, he is committing this crime. e. g, If any person is using the profile picture of someone by using it's name it's a cyber crime. How this appearing little seemed step can become so serious?

when someone covers all these areas that I mentioned above and than start liking or posting vulgar stuff, which seem to be unacceptable in our society, 𝒄𝒐𝒖𝒍𝒅 𝒅𝒆𝒇𝒂𝒎𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒔𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒐𝒇  𝒂 𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒔𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒏 𝒍𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒆𝒓 𝒆𝒙𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒅.

Cyber crime can be commit by mean of: Hacking, computer vandalism, social engendering etc.

Now, the most important requirement of awareness is the solution.

=> Many of us easily get black-mailed, threatened by the criminal's produced malicious content against us. So, many of us fell in depression and most the people commit suicide as well. so, the one should know how to avoid panic.

𝐘𝐨𝐮 𝐬𝐡𝐨𝐮𝐥𝐝 𝐤𝐧𝐨𝐰, 𝐲𝐨𝐮'𝐫𝐞 𝐧𝐨𝐭 𝐚 𝐜𝐫𝐢𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐭𝐨 𝐛𝐞 𝐚𝐟𝐫𝐚𝐢𝐝. 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝐰𝐡𝐨 𝐬𝐡𝐨𝐮𝐥𝐝 𝐠𝐞𝐭 𝐟𝐫𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐝 𝐢𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 "𝐜𝐫𝐢𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐥". If you ever become a vicitim, hold your nerves and tackle with situation. Do contact with cyber crime desk that comes under FIA.

1- Make a call on this helpline number of cyber crime for the information : 𝟗𝟗𝟏𝟏 

2- You can also send email on the centralised email account that is:

𝐝𝐞𝐬𝐤@𝐧𝐫𝟑𝐜.𝐠𝐯.𝐩𝐤 

Remember, the timely taken action is better than lamenting out later.

Social Revolt in French and Russian revolution

French  and  Russian  Revolutions  were  actually  the  social  revolts.  Substantiate. 

 

Reasons :  

Russian  and  French  Revolution  were  actually  social  revolts.  The  reasons  are  given  below: 

Russian  Revolution-Social  Revolt  Causes,  Reasons,  And  Outcome:- 

The  Russian  revolution  was  basically  the  social  revolt  because  people  of  Russia  were  highly  fed up  with  their  government’s  policy  and  the  most  prominent  among  them  is  “Poverty”  and “casualties  of  people  because  of  unnecessary  wars”  and  the  hold  of  autocrats. 

1-In  Russia,  during  1900,  there  was  the  out-of-date  farming  economy  that  was  operated  by  poor peasants.  The  government  didn’t  pay  any  attention  to  them.  These  people  were  highly  suffering through  shortage  of  food. 

2- The  people in  factories  had  been  badly  pissed  off.  They  had  been  taken  with  extreme work  but paid  with  very  little  sum  of  amount. 

3- The  middle  class  community  wanted  the  representation  in  government  but  the  autocrat  Tsar Nicholas  had  refused  to  compromise. 

4-The  World  War  1  took  almost  15  million  men  from  farms  and  factories  and  that  created workers  shortage  and  food  shortage.  The  food  shortage  leads  to  famine  in  cities. 

These  all  were  the  reasons  when  the  Bolshevik  revolution  took  place. 

The  majority  in  Russia  were  highly  suffering  from  inflation.  There  were  complete  differences  in elite  class  and  lower  classes.  The  government  was  highly  ditching  the  people.  And  moreover  the hunger  has  made  them  get  mad.  At  that  time,  Vladimir  Lenin,  who  was  the  revolutionist,  took  the majority  of  Russia  that  are  known  as  “ Bolshevik”  and  organized  factory  workers  to  seize  the government.  This  is  how  the  common  people  revolt  their  government  and  changed  the  whole environment  of  Russia  and  turned  the  Russia  into  the  Communist  government  and  turned  the name  of  Russia  into  the  “USSR” 

French  Revolution-Social  Revolt  cause  And  reason 

French  Revolution  is  a  strong  example  of  “social  revolt”.  Here  are  the  causes,  reasons  and 

outcome. 

French  Revolution-Social  Revolt:  Causes,  Reasons  And  Outcome:- 

Same  like  Russian  revolution,  French  revolution  is  also  a  social  revolts.  Since  the  time  of  Louis ths  14,  he  spend  his  lives  in  luxury.  The  French  money  reserves  went  to  deficit.  Almost  10,000 taxes  and  debt  government  took  and  applied.  during   the  time  of Louis  the  15,  he  had  lost  7  years old  war  by  Britain  and  lost  important  colonial  parts  and  the  deficits  increased  more  and  more. This   increased  the  taxes  on  people.  And  during  Louis  the  16th  it  all  increased  more. 

Major  Reasons:- 

1- During that  time,  the  France  was  under  the  influences  of  medieval  European  society 

where,  there  was  extreme  monarchy,  religious  conformity  and  ascribed  status. 

·  There   was  the  rule  of  autocrat.  Only  3%  of  people  who  were  ruling  class  has got  place  in  government,  rest  97%  didn’t  get  that  right. 

 

2- Because,  of  the  serious  defeats  in  wars  and  luxurious  life,  the  France  was  passing  through serious  Bankruptcy  and  the  inflation  spread  in  whole  France. 

3- The  government  applied  lots  of  taxes  among  them  few  are: 

·  Salt   tax:  Each  person  above  8  has  to  pay  this  tax 

·   Tiala:   The  tax  that  apply  on  person  who  wore  good  clothes. 

4- The   prices  of  bread  increased  double  and  the  time  came,  when  they  bread  got  rare  in  market. 

5- Age   of  Reason  started  in  which  science  and  philosophy  came  up  and  the  3  major Philosophers  contributed  in  insisting  the  people  to  revolt  the  government  that  were: 

·          Rossoeau  

·          Montesquie  

·          Voltaire   

All  these  reasons  insisted  the  people  of  France  to  revolt  the  government  and  the  rule  of  Louis  the 16  got  terminated  but  the  revolutionary  government  couldn’t  serve  the  way  people  expected  but late   Nicholas became  the  new  leader  of  France  and  he  became  the  revolutionary  leader that  the French  people  were  expecting.  

 Write   a  comprehensive  note  on  the  pattern  of  British  Expansionism  in  Indian Sub  Continent 

Answer:  

British  Expansion  In  Indian  Subcontinent:- 

Visit  Of  Merchants  For  business:- 

On  31st   December   1600,  groups  of  merchants  came  to  India  to  give  monopoly  privileges  to  East 

Indians.  In  1608  they  reached  port  surat.  At  that  time,  Jahangir  the  Mughal  emperor  was  ruling  in India,  he  gave  permission  to  English  people  to  carry  on  all  their  business  adventures.  This  was the  first  step  towards  colonialism  by  English  people  in  India  in  future. 

Chief  Exporting  goods  for  European  Empire:- 

Over  the  period,  the  English  people  started  stronger  their  position  in  the  Subcontinent  and became  the  chief  Exporting  goods  for  European  Empire.  Each  year  the  funds  generated  in  India transported  to  England  to  liquidate  the  old  company’s  share  which  unturned  functions  to  pay  off debt  to  secure  and  profitable  investments 

Purchased  land  by  local  people 

During  the  year  1600-1857,  the  English  people  started  buying  lands  by  local  people  and giving them  jobs.  And  they  had  started  building  their  own  Industries,  Mills,  warehouses  etc  and  they started  to  have  better  control  on  people  of  India  than  Mughal  emperor. 

The  War  of  Independence  Against  The  Foreigner  Rule:-. 

The  land  of  war  of  Independence  Against  the  emperor  rule  or  Foreigner  rule  in  1857  happened. Eventually  that  started  from  Imperial  cantt    and   spread  all  across  India.  The  capital  at  that  time was  Dehli.  They  reached  there  and  took  charge  of  the  country. 

Presence  Of  Bahadur  Shah  Zafar  in  Burma (Myanmar) 

The  Bahadur  Shah  zuffar  was  in  Burma  at  that  time  and  this  provided  a  clear  road  map  to  British to  take  over  the  whole  India. 

·  The   territory  was  eventually  given  under  the  Queen  of  England  of  that  time 

·  The   East-India  company  was  nationalised  by  the  Parliament  of  England 

· The   Muslims  those  were  in  rule,  kicked  off  to  minorities This  is  how  British  emperors  made  the  direct  rule  of  India.  

 

Feedback of THE PAUSE, Chaper#5

"The Bliss to  Be"

Life is an amazing gift that we receive by our Lord. We are sent to be experimented on different fields of life and get something extremely unique and new that nobody has ever thought or experienced to get. But unfortunately, instead of understanding the purpose of life and especially the things happen to us, we fell in utterly grieved situation and start lamenting. This is what author has defined and provided the best solution which could make our lives healthy, happy and prosperous. 

In this chapter, the author has beautifully presented the solution of human’s all-time problem that is “thanklessness”. He just not only gave the formula of life but also presented the way to get a gist out of repulsive stuff. The way author has defined and explained the formula of life, it’s agreeable to every sensible person or the person who might have a same issue and wanted to resolve it. I am agreed as well. Because life is the greatest bounty of Allah and we always get more than what we deserve but unfortunately, human wants are limitless. When we get one thing we run for other and this is how we always remain lacked with something and this usually created unhappiness in our life. So, instead of regretting upon what we don’t have, we should appreciate what we have and struggle for what we don’t have. And if we don’t get, something we should still show gratitude upon the wealth and bounties we possess. This is what author wrote in his work. Each stage the writer has plotted in his work shows his immense experience towards life. He has emphasized toward gratitude more often. His words were full of passion and inspiration. The way he attached hurdles and the capacity to remove them and get victorious in the battle of life and then entitled it with “leadership” quality drags the reader to absorb that quality in their own personality. His “live the present “statement wrap up all the tensions and depressions of life and motivates the person to spend a real life like heroes with full of gratitude and gratefulness. 

Concepts of Religion, politics, Judiciary, and military in Pakistan

Question #1 

Has the religion bought unity in our society? Comment. 

Introduction  

Religion is the spirtual and most important element in human’s life that always promotes the integration in society but unfortunately, humans have been misconducting the real concept of religion, broke the religion into sects and that lead a serious disintegrative, aggressive and disunity in our society. It  not only interpret the religion wrongly but also delivering the fabricated message to other religions and society. 

Explanation  

In Pakistani society, apparently people are united by Islam but divided by sects. These sects are not only promoting hatred but also disintegrating the people. The people of different beliefs regarding sects don’t even bear enough stamina to listen other. They bash each other and throw mud on each others clothes to prove theirselves right. The fatwas given by molvies possessing different sects, flames up the fire too. It has enhanced and common the use of word “Kafir” to the muslim fellows regardless of the Muslim identity. It only shows, the Cruck of religion and unity has been lost somewhere, when religion divided into sects.  

Example 

The Sheats and Sunni conflict is the most hot issue, that always remain in our country. In Gillgit this issue was so common in past and stil it’s on peak at certain places, In morning if sunni kills two sheats, In evening the four sunni get killed by sheats. Now, apparently they both call theirselves Muslims but issue arise when both of them don’t accept them as Muslim and put the Fatwas of kafir on each other. These kind of things have been promoting disunity, killings, ethnicity and enimity.  

Conclusion  

In a nutshell, Religion is itself a reason of unity but the people and their unnecessary involvement in religion and it’s sects have disintegrated our people and promoted hatred and misconceptions in society. These sort of things have ended the tolerance level of common people and they start throwing dust on each other, regardless of the teaching of religion.  

 

Question #2 

 

Reasons of the failure of good governance of Pakistan?  

Governance:- 

 

“The process of decision-making and the process by which decisions are implemented (or not implemented is called governance”.  

Reasons of the Failure of Good Governance in Pakistan 

In the whole world, the good governance referred to the governance that possess, Rule of law, accountability, transparency, equity, efficiency and effectiveness but in Pakistan all these things lacks. Unfortunately, the governance address to solve these issue but they don’t implement. 

Following are the reasons of failure of good governance in Pakistan: 

❖ Lack of accountability and Responsibility  

❖ Corruption 

❖ Lack of Rule and Law 

❖ Nepotism 

❖ Involvement of millitary in political affairs 

Lack of Accountability And Responsibility:-

The biggest failure of our governance is lack of accountability. From a very small department to large, nobody is fulfilling his responsibility, neither anybody ask them. This is how the problem prevails when there is no proper method of reinforcement, nobody bothers to do what they’re supoose to do. This is the position from where government get crack by their feet and let other departments to get useless too. 

Corruption:- 

Lack of transparency and rule are the key to corruption. The people with power take advantage of their authority and make black-money by mean of corruption and then transfer that money through money laundering and offshore accounts. This is how, the resources of country get transfer to outside of the country. This is how, country gey weaker and weaker by mean of finance. The strength of Rupee get down and country suffer from serious depreciation. Government than take loans, prices prevails and people suffer. 

This is how governance fails one more time. 

Lack of Rule and Law 

 

Where there is no rule, there is no prosperity. Our governance is so weak at maintaining rule and law and justice in a county. The lack of equity is the one of the major thing. The rich fishes do not come under the net of justice but the small ants do. That’s the issue. The people who have been represented as a leaders of country, come and serve first in breaking rules and no law apply on them to control them from being illegally damaging the essence of law. 

Nepotism:- 

Nepotism is something that destroy the system of merit. The people from same family repeatedly come and go in government system. They run the country, demage it to promote their own agendas of controlling power to get safe from being accountable to law. The lack of true merit system is also diminishing the fear of being dismissed from government because the candidates know, they will be om ruling chair again. 

Involvement of Military:- 

The major drawback of Pakistani governance is the involvement of millitary in all issues of government. The millitary basically rules behind the government. They force the government to work for their agendas. It’s something that is destroying the democratic system and not letting the government to do their job and there is somehow the fault of government in it because it had not stopped the millary entities to stay in their limits.  

Conclusion:- 

In a nutshell, the lack of transparency, equity,Rule and inolvement of millitary and Nepotism are the basics things that have been dragging our governance toward poor performance. These are the major things that are needed to be settle on time to turn the governance into the better one. 

  

Question#4 

 

Discuss the drawbacks of judicial system in Pakistan. 

Judicial System:- 

“The judiciary is the branch of government, that is primarily responsible for interpreting the law” 

Introduction:- 

The judiciary is an independent branch of a government that enforces law and provide justice to the people according to constitution. But in Pakistan the condition is different because of our bad governance. Our judiciary is not that independent that it should be and neither our constitution is secure. Whenever any leader comes in power, he make amendments in constitution according to achieve his desire and satisfying their and his party’s agenda. The authoritative people, that usually seems to be more prone to crime, don’t bother to face punishments of their crimes. They pressurise the judges to make the decision in their favour and other most strong reason is corruption. The judges make money by mean of favouring the people and do all those things, that are out of jurisprudence and illegal.  

Drawbacks of Judicial System in Pakistan:- 

Following are the drawbacks of judicial system in Pakistan: 

➢ Lack of sovereignty  

➢ Ammendments in constitution 

➢ Corruption and lack of transparency  

➢ Weak accountability system 

 

Lack of sovereignty  

One of the major drawback of Pakistani judicial system is lack of sovereignty. . Our judiciary is under the comtrol of powerful entities. They don’t let the judiciary to make decisions according to rule law. This something which hits the independence of judiciary. 

Ammendments in Constitution 

The biggest issue of our governance and judiciary is, whenever a new leader come, he change the law according to his wish to satisfy his crave of authority and power in power and after power too. It is something which forces the judiciary to change the law according to the will of politicians and this lead to the serious drawback of judiciary because, our judiciary is unable to control these everyday amendments. 

Corruption 

 Corruption is something that is common in almost every institution but the biggest part corruption usually been seen in judicial system because the proofs against the big fishes could let them stay out of power whole life. The people usually sell their crimes by kean of heavy amount and judges sell their conscience for money. This is how judiciary fail to make transparent decisions. 

Weak accountability System:- 

One of the biggest flaw in our judiciary is weak accountability system. The judiciary fail at giving punishments to criminal and nobody ask them any question. Because of this, the Pakistan is prone to the prevailing rate of crimes. 

Conclusion:- 

In a nutshell, the judicial system of Pakistan lacks the transparency, accountability and sovereignty. These are the thing which have not been letting our judiciary to make independent decisions to make a change in country, which is an ultimate need of current time.  

The impact of Covid-19 on International World order, how it transformed the international system?

Wh

at is Covid-19?

Definition 

According to World Health Organization:

"Corona virus is a mild to severe respiratory illness that caused by a 'corona virus' is transmitted chiefly by contact with infectious material or with objects or surface contaminated by the causative virus"

Introduction:-

The mild to severe respiratory illness cause by tge virus  'corona' termed as corona virus or covid-19, basically reported first in Wuhan city, China in December 2019. According to investigation it spread through wholesale food market in Wuhan from one person and then it turned to a serious pandemic and spread in whole globe. It has abruptly damaged the economy of the world, ans caused global security issue. Although, it started in December 2019, but in January 2020, due to severe spread WHO termed it as "Pandemic" and entered it in Global security issue. The virus has undertaken to almost whole world, but it's severe damaged caused to China, UK, USA, Italy, France, Brazil, Iran and India. This virus came as nightmare to global hegmony like China, US and India because it has severely hit their economies, caused a serious distress in export and due to curfew and lockdown, it has lead many people jobless. According to analysis, The unemployment rate even in US lead to 40%. This virus has turned the world order, transformed culture and International System.

Impact of Covid-19 on International World order :-

Like different times of wars and global security chalkanges have changed the international world order, from Multi-polarity to bilateral and from Bipolarity to uni-polaritysince, corona pandemic arouse, it has badly shuttered the economic system of world because of that, country like US got and extreme damage and it's pillars of global of global hegmony also scattering a part. Along with USA, China also got hit too. But the damage of china was not that serious, (as it controlled the disease very effectively). If we make an analysis, the shift from uni-polarity to Bipolarity has going to be seen in future and in the present world too. For maintaining the global hegmony title America always need to enhance it's exports and because of current pandemic, it got a bit clumsy. Even China suffered a lot during initial stages but because of excellent strategy, they had overcome the situation far better than US. China has suffered a loss, but because of imitate recovery and amazing trade deals with world has help him to stand up again. As, China made a trade deal with Iran(which is bearing sanctions of US and nobody is willing to make trade with him) will help china in upcoming days to enjoy the oil in far less price and it will be the bilateral trade, as it benefits both countries. The trade deal with Nepal and Bangladesh has also strengthen up his relation in south Asian region, and in the world he is having trade deals at larger extend. So, the facts and figure analyze the world into Bipolarity i-e, the global rule of America and China because both are standing on a same scale.